Sir Francis Drake, the daring English pirate, was the first European to sail the stormy North Pacific. ln 1579, after having raided the Spanish settlements of South America, he sought to escape up the coast through an inland waterway that would return his ship, the Golden Hind, to the Atlantic Ocean.

In his wake came other explorers. They soon concluded a Northwest Passage did not exist and turned their attention to exloiting the natural resources of the region. Trade was initiated with the natives, trinkets for sea otter fur. The fur was transported to China where riches beyond the wildest dreams awaited the adventuresome sailors. Within a decade the sea otter played out and mountain men pushed inland, trading and trapping beaver. The great companies, Hudson's Bay, North West and Pacific Fur fought for the rich spoils.

The discovery of gold in California signaled the start of a era. Miners flooded to the Sierra Nevada mountains. Eventually they became disillusioned with the diggings and drifted north, discovering veins of gold in rock and placer pockets in creek bottoms and even on ocean beaches. Following the miners came a wave of pioneers who settled interior valleys, laid claim to the land and plowed the virgin soil. A few hardy souls pushed over the last mountain range, going as far west as land allowed. They were rugged individualists who ever after were isolated by the deep woods on one side and the wide Pacific on the other.

According to popular theory the first inhabitants of north America arrived during the last Ice Age. Between 15,000 and 40,000 years ago people are believed to have crossed from Asia to North America on a natural land bridge, where the Aleutian Island chain now exists.

These people migrated south, hunting mastadons and mammoths, giant ground sloths, camels and long-horned bisons. They ate the meat and used the hide for clothing and shelter. Their weapons consisted of rocks and obsidian-tipped spears. In time the atlatl, a device used to throw spears or darts, was developed. It was not until about 3,000 years ago that the bow and arrow was introduced to North America.

On the eve of the white man's arrival the population of North America, divided among 500 tribes, was estimated to exceed one million. But the Europeans brought with them diseases from which the native people had no natural immunity and plagues of smallpox, fever, tuberculosis, measles and venereal disease swept through the Indian nations with devastating results. Ninety percent of the people died: entire tribes were wiped off the face of the earth. Those who remained were rounded up and placed on reservations. The way of life they had known for countless centuries was doomed.

The men who ride the open range of the far West are known under a variety of names: vaquero, range rider, mustanger and buckaroo, but the name most commonly known is cowboy. The nature of a cowboy's work demands independence and toughness. He is a man of action; yet the long, lonely hours spent in the saddle provide ample time to develop a unique outlook on life. Simply put, a cowboy's tenet is, 'What cannot be cured is endured.' And endured with cheerfulness and good humor. It is far better to joke about the droughts, windstorms, blizzards, outlaw mustangs and loco cattle than to complain.

The cowboy would never have existed without his horse. Like the cowboy, the horse is referred to by an assortment of names: mustang, bronco, cayuse and, sometimes, jughead, broomtail, nag, hay burner, plug and other even less complimentary epithets. The ancestors of the western horse date back to the animals brought to America by Cortez and the conquistadores. As the Spanish mounts escaped, were lost or stolen, the horse began its phenomenal spread across western North America.

The high desert was first settled by daring stockmen who drove in foundation herds, numbering in the thousands. The cattle thrived on the native grasses and when the steers were ready for market, cowboys on horseback drove them to railroad towns in the Midwest. With the invention of barbed wire in 1874 and an influx of homesteaders who claimed waterholes and divided up the range, the heyday of the big outfits and their cowboys passed into history. But as long as there is open sky, rimrock, bunch grass, sagebrush and juniper, cowboys will still ride the range.

Early-day women of the West are depicted in fading photographs: a gaunt, bonneted figure in a long dress walking beside a wagon, baby cradled in her arms, children scattered behind, a woman, looking older than her years, stirring lye soap over an open fire, a dancehall girl on stage, miners watching her every move....

Letters and diaries tell the details of these women's existence, the sorrow of being uprooted from family and friends, the yearning for companionship of other women, bearing children without the benefit of a doctor and trying to rear them in an uncivilized land.

One turn-of-the-century, Western historian noted, 'With the coming of woman came also the graces of life, better social order and conditions, and increased regard for the amenities of life.'

Eastern women were relegated to conduct themselves within strictly-established social boundaries. Western women were allowed more freedom to stretch their wings and explore the realm of their existence. And in the process they tamed the wild West.

Logging in North America began with the arrival of European colonists in the 1600s. In a few short decades there were water-powered sawmills scattered up and down the eastern seaboard with the main concentration in northern New England. The lumber was used to build ships, furniture, kegs and barrels, buggies and wagons. As the loggers cleared areas in the forest, others arrived to farm the ground.

It took 200 years for the timber to be logged from the eastern seaboard. The loggers and lumbermen moved inland to the Great Lakes region and when they had high graded the timber there, they continued west to northern California and the Pacific Northwest.

Lumberman Samuel Wilkeson wrote in 1869, on viewing the Western forests for the first time, 'Oh! What timber! These trees so enchain the sense of the grand and so enchant the sense of the beautiful that I am loth to depart. Forests in which you cannot ride a horse - forests into which you cannot see, and which are almost dark under a bright midday sun - such forests containing firs, cedars, pine, spruce and hemlock - forests surpassing the woods of all the rest of the globe in their size, quantity and quality of the timber. Here can be found great trees, monarchs to whom all worshipful men inevitably lift their hats.'

The discovery of gold in Califonia launched the nation's first gold rush.

It began January 23, 1848. James Marshall, who was building a sawmill for John Sutter on the American River in the Sierra Nevada foothills, turned water from the millpond into the tailrace. A glimmer in the clear water caught his eye and he picked up a yellow rock about the size of a dime and weighing one-quarter ounce. He saw more and picked those up, too.

John Sutter wrote in his diary that Marshall, 'soaked to the skin and dripping water,' came bursting into his office 'informing me he had something of utmost importance to tell me in private....'

Word leaked out and the following year 80,000 miners rushed to Califonia hoping to claim a share of the big strike. They scratched and clawed gold from the hills and stream beds of Califomia and when the easy-pickings were gone they moved onto the eastem slopes of the Sierra Nevada and into the Rocky Mountains. Other disgruntled miners moved to the Northwest, and finally the lust for gold drove prospectors to the Alaskan frontier.

The typical miner was a bearded young man, dressed in a slouch hat, red long johns, trousers tucked into hlgh-topped boots - he packed a shovel, pick and gold pan. When his dream of easy riches eventually died he often stayed in the West and became a farmer, stockman, tradesman or professional. If mar-ried, he sent for his family - if single, he married a daughter of pioneers and started a new family.

The lasting effect of the gold rush was not so much in the individual accumulation of wealth, but in the simple fact that thousands of miners stayed rather than returning home and they helped win the West.

Great-grandfather has witnessed so much change in his life. When he was a boy the horse and buggy was the mode of transportation. He has lived to see aviation progress from a few barnstorming pilots hop-scotching across the country to jet aircraft thundering across the sky. And he was sitting there that day, in front of the television, when men walked on the moon. All the years and hard work have taken their toll but when he is seated in his favorite rocking chair, great-grandchildren scattered at his feet, his eyes sparkle as lively as they must have in his youth. He exuberantly recounts the past, painting vivid pictures of his life on the western frontier as a pioneer, miner, freighter, stage driver, Indian fighter, trapper, homesteader, logger, buckaroo ....

The story over, he waits, and then a small voice implores, 'Grandpa, tell us another story, please.' Grandpa grins, 'We11, all right. Once a long, looong, looooong time ago....'

Mountain men and fur traders were the first to travel the route that would one day become the Oregon Trail. In their wake came missionaries who wrote letters and reports describing the far side of the continent and praising the mild climate, healthful conditions and the deep, fertile soil.

Historians recognize 1843 as the official beginning of the Oregon Trail.That spring a group of a thousand land-hungry pioneers with 120 wagons and 5,000 head of cattle departed from Elm Grove, Missouri. Some of their wagons were abandoned along the Snake plateau but other were brought to the Columbia River where flat-bottomed boats were built and floated through the dangerous rapids of the Columbia Gorge to the Willamette Valley.

It took the pioneers from early spring until late fall to reach the far west. They threw together shelters and subsisted that first winter on fish, game and the generosity of their neighbors, both white and Indian. Come spring they cleared ground, tilled the virgin soil and planted crops.

The heyday of the Oregon Trail occurred after gold was discovered in California in 1848; it is estimated one-quarter million pioneers traveled overland on the Oregon Trail. From these early emigrants the social fabric of the West was woven.

Within a few years communities were established and schools and churches were built. Then came stage lines, mail deliveries, railroads, telegraph wires and the other trappings of the white man's civilization.

The storyteller spins a web of fantasy while the campfire sends a shower of sparks leaping into the night sky to drift among the ancient stars. It is in this manner that the history of mankind has been passed from one generation to the next. In North America the native people formed their cultures and spiritual beliefs through stories. Stories described the origins of earth and mankind, of floods, fires, hunts, wars, heros, the supernamral, myths and legends. Young people knew what had happened in the world because their elders communicated it to them around the campfire.

The first Europeans to make their way among the Indians were mountain men who told fantastic and mystifying tales of great cities to the east and other worlds that existed across the great shiny waters. Each successive wave of white invaders brought with it a different blend of fact and fiction.

In today's world it might appear that campfire stories can no longer compete with movies and television. But no special effect can ever come close to the power and impact of human imagination. Try reading or telling a story around the campfire. Watch the faces of your listeners and know the value and significance of keeping alive our time-honored traditions of oral history.

A tall tale begins innocently with convincing facts and a few trivial details thrown in. But in the course of the story the limits of believability are stretched to the breaking point. ln the end we are left wondering how we could have been so naive, so darn gullible.

America's tall tales have been handed down through generations and are tirmly rooted in character, situation and landscape. In the past a skillfully-told yarn was a diversion from the drudgery and monotony of everyday life and tellers of tall tales were held in high regard because their stories made people laugh.

A tall tale is best enjoyed when told aloud. Dialect, intonation and gestures add to the story. A pause here. A shake of the head there. A practiced laugh. A wink, a sly smile or a deadpan look provide seasoning and can communicate as much as a well-placed word.

In our modern fast-paced world, dominated by instant communication, changing technology and constant entertainment, the tall tale is no longer considered an essential part of everyday life. As a result, the telling of tall tales has become a dying art form.

Grandma grew up on a farm and, at a relatively young age, she fell in love and married Grandpa. They moved west, found the opportunities to their liking and together they raised a wonderful family.

Grandma was the glue that held the family together. She performed the necessary domestic tasks of making a home - caring for the children, cleaning, cooking, baking, washing, sewing and darning. She also tended the chickens, milked the cows and churned the cream to butter. And when necessity arose, like the time a horse rolled on Grandpa and he was laid up for nearly a year, Grandma demonstrated she could take on a man's work as well.

The Grandma I remember was old. Her domain was the kitchen, a room dominated by the cheery warmth of a wood stove and the sweet aroma of baking pies. While Grandma worked, frequently pausing to wipe her calloused hands on her freshly ironed white apron, she talked - telling stories of pioneering days, tales handed down from the Indians and interesting things that had happened to family members, friends and neighbors. Every once in awhile she lowered her voice and shared some small secret.

My children will know their great-grandmother because of the stories I will share with them and from the words Grandma carefully wrote in her journal. Every evening, no matter how trying her day had been, she would take a few moments to reflect and describe things from the day that were important to her - a laughing child chasing a butterfly across the pasture, the lovely fragrance of wildflowers in bloom, a field of wheat dancing in an afternoon breeze.... When Grandma finished the entries she would lay down her pen, close her journal, blow out the candle flame, and say to herself, 'And so ends another glorious day.'

In 1961 the federal government terminated the Klamath Indians of southern Oregon. The Klamaths gave up their land and tribal status and, in return, each member received a cash settlement of $43,000. For those inclined to be wild and reckless, the party was on. Stories made the rounds of Indians buying one, two, three new cars, sometimes an extra for a friend. Others walked into local bars with paper sacks stuffed with cash.

Today, most Klamath Indians view termination as the worst disaster that ever befell them. They say the federal government tricked them into selling. They want their former reservation lands returned to them.

Buy The Chief A Cadillac is a novel set during the chaotic and turbulent time of termination. This fictional story, by well-known eastern Oregon author Rick Steber, is written without pulling any punches. 6" x 9" SOFTBOUND

A COWBOY AND THE LOVE OF HIS LIFE
Herman Vowell grew up on an Oregon homestead dreaming of being a cowboy. He was barely 21 when he became buckaroo boss of the Pitchfork Ranch, one of the biggest spreads in the West. He felt his life was complete and then he met Betty Torrens, a city girl from California. They fell in love and married during the darkest days of World War II.

They settled on a sprawling ranch in the heart of the Devils Garden and worked together calving a thousand head of cows, putting up meadow hay with horse-drawn equipment, chasing wild mustangs. When tragedy, and the outside world, encroached on their remote ranch, they stood side by side and fought to retain their vanishing way of life.

Rick Steber, one of the Wests most popular authors, tells Herman and Betty's story with words that will capture your heart with their tenderness. BUCKAROO HEART is a true western classic, a story of love so powerful and pure and strong, it is everlasting. SOFTBOUND 240 pages

Lew Minor was a bronc-buster who chased wild horses across the vast reaches of Nevada, a buckaroo who rode rough-string and broke cavalry remounts, and a cowboy star who won rodeos throughout the West and Canada. He toured the nation with the famous Kit Carson Wild West Show as the featured attraction and won the world champion bronc rider belt buckle at the 1912 Pendleton Round-Up.

Years were spent chasing an elusive dream - finding the best bucking horse over the next ridge - until a rodeo accident forced Lew's retirement. He settled down near his birthplace and passed the years hunting, fishing and running a few head of cattle.

At age 93 Lew was inducted into the Round-Up Hall of Fame and for a fleeting moment he once again basked in the warm accolades, and then they faded and he was home again with only memories to sustain him. He was a throwback - a bronc buster trapped in the space age - forgotten and friendless except for the companionship of one man who refused to allow the legend o of Lew Minor ro die.

SOFTBOUND

Like the growth of a tree, the history of the American West has occurred in cycles, eras, rings of expansion and evolution. One generation pushed westward for furs, the next for gold, followed by land-hungry pioneers, timber-hungry loggers .... They built layer upon layer.

The heartwood of a tree is a darker color than the sapwood because it has tasted the soil longer. As each ring of life is added the inner rings compress, giving the tree backbone of supple strength which allows it to bend in the wind and bow to heavy snow without breaking. To plot our future course, the emerging West must never lose sight of the past, and of the people who are our heartwood.

The book HEARTWOOD offers a fresh, honest look at the old-fashioned Westerner, the type of person who takes pride in home, family and all that it means to forge a life from the bounty of the land.

HEARTWOOD is an elegant and engaging blend of words, photographs and original art that is sure to strike a responsive chord in all of us who live in the rural West and those who wish they did. The true stories of the men and women featured in HEARTWOOD sre a slice of Americana that can be found nowhere else. This book is a treasure you will want to pass on to your children and grandchildren.

'We had a hot-blooded English stallion name of Desmond Day. Bred him to mustang mares and sold the cross for cavalry remounts.

'On the first day of May 1925, Desmond Day was in the corral. He come past me and that was it. Always figured he kicked off to the side, hit me, I never saw it coming....

'They sent me to blind school - to learn me to weave baskets. Said that way I could make a livin' since I couldn't buckaroo no more....

'I don't really give a damn about bein' blind all these years. Bothers the neighbors more than it bothers me. One time I was painting the house but every time the neighbors came by and saw me they would make me come down off the ladder. But I showed them. Finished painting at night, didn't make any difference to me....'

SOFTBOUND

For a few weeks every fall, at ranches scattered throughout the great American West, cowboys come together to ride the open range. This gathering of man and beast is called Roundup.

In addition to the work, Roundup is a time of reunion with old friends and making the acquaintance of new ones. Following in this rich tradition, the book ROUNDUP brings together a company of rugged Western individuals, men and women who have devoted their lives to working with horses. Freighters, stage drivers, homesteaders, farmers, ranchers, buckaroos, rodeo riders, horse loggers and wanderers - they all share a common love for horses.

'After the accident I was blind as a bat so I began using my hands to see a horse. Tell a lot just by feel. Tell if he has wire cuts, a capped hock, pigeon-mouth, fistulous withers.... I'm good enough I can actually tell the color of a horse and be right 95 times out of 100. Colors have a different texture, feel, hairs are distinctive. The only one that gives me fits is a paint. Depends on where you touch a paint what color it happens to be.

Give me a couple minutes and I can tell more about a particular horse than most folks would probably care to know. It wasn't a gift I was born with. It took me a while to develop it. But I enjoy eating - so I learned. I would have to say, over the long haul, that my blindness hasn't affected me all that much. Got no complaints. In this here life I've pretty much done exactly what I wanted to do.'

SOFTBOUND

Few know that pioneers were still traveling the Oregon Trail in covered wagons as late as the 1920s. This little-known era of history is told in the words of the pioneers themselves.

The route that become the Oregon Trail was developed by wandering mountain men following game trails and Native American trade routes. Historians recognize 1843 as the official beginning of the Oregon Trail when a group of 1,000 men, women and children, 120 wagons and 5,000 head of cattle left Missouri for Oregon's Willamette Valley. After gold was discovered in California in 1848 over 250,000 people traveled overland to the diggings while another 50,000 went to claim free farmland in Oregon.

In 1869 the transcontinental railroad was completed to California and in 1883 rail service reached the Pacific Northwest. At last emigrants could move west easily and quickly. But covered wagon pioneers continued to travel over the Oregon Trail for a variety of reasons: lack of money, a love to watch their work animals, a chance to go places where the steel rail did not reach, and, often, a sense of wanderlust.

The later-day pioneers no longer traveled in large wagons trains but in single wagons or small groups of family or friends. They were able to travel lighter because provisions and feed could be purchased at scattered ranches or in towns that had sprung up along the way. If they ran low on money they could stop and work for a few weeks.

Historians tell us the Oregon trail existed between 1843 and 1869, but wagon pioneers continued to travel over the Oregon Trail until affordable automobiles and a national highway system made the wagon obsolete in the 1920s. The LAST OF THE PIONEERS tells their story.

'We came west on the Oregon Trail in 1912, never saw many automobiles on the way, but saw a few. One time a man driving a Model T Ford came up behind, couldn't see for the dust, I guess, and ran into the back of our wagon. The impact broke one of the bows and tore a hole in the canvas cover. The man was very apologetic, gave Father a dollar, said, 'This should pay for the damage,' and went his merry way. We were tickled to death to have the dollar....'

'When we finally landed out west the wagon was parked on the street and a 'For Sale' sign tied to one of the bows. We hoped to sell the outfit at a fiar price but times were changing and horses and a wagon were not in demand. We let them go for next to nothing....'

SOFTBOUND

Campfire Trivia Game is a fun family game to play while traveling or staing home. If you know more about the environment, hiking and campfing than your opponent, you win. The multiple-choice questions offer an entertaining way to start conversations and learn more about the West and the great outdoors.

Object: Be the first to answer 12 questions corrrectly, move your pawn to the end of the playing board and win. Can be played by individuals or by teams. Perfect conversation starters and party game!

Game box includes a handsome game box, 96 Question and Answer Cards, Playing Board, Playing Pawns and Game Rules. (Size: Approximately 6" wide x 7" long)

Play the OREGON TRAIL GAME and if you know more history, facts and trivia than your opponent, you win. The multiple-choice questions offer an entertaining way to play and learn more about the historic Oregon Trail.

Game box includes a handsome game box, 96 Question and Answer Cards, Playing Board, Playing Pawns and Game Rules. (Size: Approximately 6" wide x 7" long)

Play the LEWIS & CLARK GAME and if you know more history, facts and trivia than your opponent, you win. The multiple-choice questions offer an entertaining way to play and learn more about the Lewis & Clark Expedition.

Game box includes a handsome game box, 96 Question and Answer Cards, Playing Board, Playing Pawns and Game Rules. (Size: Approximately 6" wide x 7" long)